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hcov 229e np  (Sino Biological)


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    Sino Biological hcov 229e np
    Primers used in qRT-PCR assay
    Hcov 229e Np, supplied by Sino Biological, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 92/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
    https://www.bioz.com/product/hcov+229e+np/Human+coronavirus+229E+(HCoV-229E)+Nucleocapsid+%2F+NP+Gene+ORF+cDNA+clone+expression+plasmid/pmc11877706-101-34-36
    Average 92 stars, based on 1 article reviews
    hcov 229e np - by Bioz Stars, 2026-11
    92/100 stars

    Images

    1) Product Images from "Mycophenolate mofetil exerts broad-spectrum antiviral activity against coronaviruses including SARS-CoV-2"

    Article Title: Mycophenolate mofetil exerts broad-spectrum antiviral activity against coronaviruses including SARS-CoV-2

    Journal: Virology Journal

    doi: 10.1186/s12985-025-02673-2

    Primers used in qRT-PCR assay
    Figure Legend Snippet: Primers used in qRT-PCR assay

    Techniques Used: Sequencing

    The antiviral activity of MMF is achieved by non-competitive inhibition of the IMPDH enzyme. a Schematic diagram of time-of-addition assay. b , c Time-of-addition assay of MMF. Cells were seeded onto 96-well plates and infected with HCoV-229E or HCoV-OC43 (MOI = 3.5) for 1 h on ice. 5 μM MMF was added at different time points and cells were fixed at 9 h. Intracellular viral NP protein was detected with immunofluorescence (IF) assay. Green particles represent NP and the blue ones represent cell nucleus. The quantitative study on immunofluorescence was comparison of the total fluorescence values of each experimental group with the control group and analyzed by Image J software. d , e CETSA assay to detect the binding between IMPDH and MMF in the cell lysis of Huh7.5 and H460. Each lane represents the protein level of IMPDH at various temperatures after incubation with MMF or DMSO control, and relative density of IMPDH was normalized by the protein gray value at 47 °C ( n = 3). f , g Cells were infected with HCoV-229E (MOI = 0.35) or HCoV-OC43 (MOI = 0.35), and treated with different concentrations of guanosine and MMF for 24 h. The cells were harvested for western blotting assay ( n = 3). * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001 vs. virus control (Con) or # P < 0.05, ## P < 0.01, ### P < 0.001 vs. MMF treated group (The third group), one-way ANOVA with Holm-Sidak multiple comparisons test
    Figure Legend Snippet: The antiviral activity of MMF is achieved by non-competitive inhibition of the IMPDH enzyme. a Schematic diagram of time-of-addition assay. b , c Time-of-addition assay of MMF. Cells were seeded onto 96-well plates and infected with HCoV-229E or HCoV-OC43 (MOI = 3.5) for 1 h on ice. 5 μM MMF was added at different time points and cells were fixed at 9 h. Intracellular viral NP protein was detected with immunofluorescence (IF) assay. Green particles represent NP and the blue ones represent cell nucleus. The quantitative study on immunofluorescence was comparison of the total fluorescence values of each experimental group with the control group and analyzed by Image J software. d , e CETSA assay to detect the binding between IMPDH and MMF in the cell lysis of Huh7.5 and H460. Each lane represents the protein level of IMPDH at various temperatures after incubation with MMF or DMSO control, and relative density of IMPDH was normalized by the protein gray value at 47 °C ( n = 3). f , g Cells were infected with HCoV-229E (MOI = 0.35) or HCoV-OC43 (MOI = 0.35), and treated with different concentrations of guanosine and MMF for 24 h. The cells were harvested for western blotting assay ( n = 3). * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001 vs. virus control (Con) or # P < 0.05, ## P < 0.01, ### P < 0.001 vs. MMF treated group (The third group), one-way ANOVA with Holm-Sidak multiple comparisons test

    Techniques Used: Activity Assay, Inhibition, Infection, Immunofluorescence, Comparison, Fluorescence, Control, Software, Binding Assay, Lysis, Incubation, Western Blot, Virus

    Anti-coronavirus activities of MPA and MMF
    Figure Legend Snippet: Anti-coronavirus activities of MPA and MMF

    Techniques Used:

    MMF and MPA inhibited viral protein levels and viral yield of HCoV-229E and HCoV-OC43. Cells were infected with HCoV-229E (MOI = 0.35) or HCoV-OC43 (MOI = 0.35), and treated with different concentrations of MMF or MPA for 24 h. a–f The cells were harvested for western blotting assay ( n = 3). * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001 vs. virus control (Con), one-way ANOVA with Holm-Sidak multiple comparisons test. g–j The cells were fixed and NP was detected with immunofluorescence (IF) assay. Green particles represent NP and the blue ones represent cell nucleus. The quantitative study on immunofluorescence was comparison of the total fluorescence values of each experimental group with the control group and analyzed by Image J software. k–l Viral titers were detected by the 50% tissue culture infectious dose assay (TCID 50 ) ( n = 3). * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001 vs. virus control (Con), one-way ANOVA with Holm-Sidak multiple comparisons test
    Figure Legend Snippet: MMF and MPA inhibited viral protein levels and viral yield of HCoV-229E and HCoV-OC43. Cells were infected with HCoV-229E (MOI = 0.35) or HCoV-OC43 (MOI = 0.35), and treated with different concentrations of MMF or MPA for 24 h. a–f The cells were harvested for western blotting assay ( n = 3). * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001 vs. virus control (Con), one-way ANOVA with Holm-Sidak multiple comparisons test. g–j The cells were fixed and NP was detected with immunofluorescence (IF) assay. Green particles represent NP and the blue ones represent cell nucleus. The quantitative study on immunofluorescence was comparison of the total fluorescence values of each experimental group with the control group and analyzed by Image J software. k–l Viral titers were detected by the 50% tissue culture infectious dose assay (TCID 50 ) ( n = 3). * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001 vs. virus control (Con), one-way ANOVA with Holm-Sidak multiple comparisons test

    Techniques Used: Infection, Western Blot, Virus, Control, Immunofluorescence, Comparison, Fluorescence, Software

    Combinatorial effects of MMF and other antiviral compounds. a , b Dose–response matrixs and dose–response curves of combination of MMF and molnupiravir. c , d Dose–response matrixs and dose–response curves of combination of MMF and GC376. e , f Dose–response matrixs and dose–response curves of combination of MMF and E64d. In detail, Huh7.5 cells were infected with HCoV-229E (MOI = 0.35) for 24 h (a, c, e, n = 3, mean ± SD) and H460 cells were infected with HCoV-OC43 for 24 h (MOI = 0.35) (b, d, f, n = 3, mean ± SD). The horizontal and vertical coordinates of the dose–response matrix are the concentrations of the combined drugs. NP mRNA levels was determined by qRT-PCR assay and relative quantification. The inhibition of virus replication of non-administrated group was regarded as zero to calculate the inhibition of each administration group
    Figure Legend Snippet: Combinatorial effects of MMF and other antiviral compounds. a , b Dose–response matrixs and dose–response curves of combination of MMF and molnupiravir. c , d Dose–response matrixs and dose–response curves of combination of MMF and GC376. e , f Dose–response matrixs and dose–response curves of combination of MMF and E64d. In detail, Huh7.5 cells were infected with HCoV-229E (MOI = 0.35) for 24 h (a, c, e, n = 3, mean ± SD) and H460 cells were infected with HCoV-OC43 for 24 h (MOI = 0.35) (b, d, f, n = 3, mean ± SD). The horizontal and vertical coordinates of the dose–response matrix are the concentrations of the combined drugs. NP mRNA levels was determined by qRT-PCR assay and relative quantification. The inhibition of virus replication of non-administrated group was regarded as zero to calculate the inhibition of each administration group

    Techniques Used: Infection, Quantitative RT-PCR, Inhibition, Virus

    Related Articles

    other:

    Article Title: Stimulation of dysregulated IFN-β responses by aberrant SARS-CoV-2 small viral RNAs acting as RIG-I agonists
    Article Snippet: Yohei Watanabe ( nabe@koto.kpu-m.ac.jp ) Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Yasuha Arai Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Itaru Yamanaka Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0293-8070 Toru Okamoto Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4000-3102 Ayana Isobe Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Naomi Nakai Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University Naoko Kamimura Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University Tomo Daidoji Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Takao Ono SANKEN, Osaka University https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6717-123X Takaaki Nakaya Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7513-6186 Kazuhiko Matsumoto SANKEN, Osaka University Daisuke Okuzaki Research institute for microbial diseases, Osaka University https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4552-783X

    Blocking Assay:

    Article Title: Mycophenolate mofetil exerts broad-spectrum antiviral activity against coronaviruses including SARS-CoV-2
    Article Snippet: Enhanced immunostaining permeabilization buffer (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology, Shanghai, China) was added and incubated at room temperature for 20 min. .. Rapid block buffer (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology) was added and incubated at room temperature for 1 h. A primary antibody recognizing viral double-strand RNA (dsRNA; SCICONS, Szirák, Hungary, 1:200), HCoV-OC43 NP (Millipore, 1:200), or HCoV-229E NP (Sino Biological, 1:200) was added and incubated at room temperature for 1 h or at 4 °C overnight. .. AF488 conjugate goat anti-rabbit or anti-mouse secondary antibody (TransGen Biotech, 1:200) was added, incubated for 1 h at room temperature, and sheltered from light.

    Incubation:

    Article Title: Mycophenolate mofetil exerts broad-spectrum antiviral activity against coronaviruses including SARS-CoV-2
    Article Snippet: Enhanced immunostaining permeabilization buffer (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology, Shanghai, China) was added and incubated at room temperature for 20 min. .. Rapid block buffer (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology) was added and incubated at room temperature for 1 h. A primary antibody recognizing viral double-strand RNA (dsRNA; SCICONS, Szirák, Hungary, 1:200), HCoV-OC43 NP (Millipore, 1:200), or HCoV-229E NP (Sino Biological, 1:200) was added and incubated at room temperature for 1 h or at 4 °C overnight. .. AF488 conjugate goat anti-rabbit or anti-mouse secondary antibody (TransGen Biotech, 1:200) was added, incubated for 1 h at room temperature, and sheltered from light.

    Article Title: Stimulation of dysregulated IFN-β responses by aberrant SARS-CoV-2 small viral RNAs
    Article Snippet: Yasuha Arai Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Itaru Yamanaka Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0293-8070 Toru Okamoto Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4000-3102 Ayana Isobe Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Naomi Nakai Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University Naoko Kamimura Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University Tatsuya Suzuki Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University Tomo Daidoji Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Takao Ono SANKEN, Osaka University https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6717-123X Takaaki Nakaya Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7513-6186 Kazuhiko Matsumoto SANKEN, Osaka University Daisuke Okuzaki Research institute for microbial diseases, Osaka University https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4552-783X Yohei Watanabe ( nabe@koto.kpu-m.ac.jp ) Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine

    Article Title: Stimulation of dysregulated IFN-β responses by aberrant SARS-CoV-2 small viral RNAs
    Article Snippet: Human ex vivo reconstituted nasal epithelia was purchased from Epithelix and maintained at an air-liquid interface with provided culture medium, according to the manufacture’s instructions. .. The infected cells were stained with rabbit antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 NP (GENETEX), HCoV-OC43 NP and HCoV-229E NP (Sino Biological) for 1 h at 37°C, followed by incubation with a secondary antibody conjugated with Alexa Fluor-488 (Invitrogen) at 37°C for 1 h. To con rm the IVT RNA secondary structures, 293T cells were transfected with IVT RNAs and xed 24 h later, followed by permeabilization as described above. .. HCovOC43 (ATCC VR-1558) and HCoV-229E (ATCC VR-740) were obtained from the ATCC.

    Infection:

    Article Title: Stimulation of dysregulated IFN-β responses by aberrant SARS-CoV-2 small viral RNAs
    Article Snippet: Yasuha Arai Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Itaru Yamanaka Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0293-8070 Toru Okamoto Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4000-3102 Ayana Isobe Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Naomi Nakai Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University Naoko Kamimura Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University Tatsuya Suzuki Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University Tomo Daidoji Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Takao Ono SANKEN, Osaka University https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6717-123X Takaaki Nakaya Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7513-6186 Kazuhiko Matsumoto SANKEN, Osaka University Daisuke Okuzaki Research institute for microbial diseases, Osaka University https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4552-783X Yohei Watanabe ( nabe@koto.kpu-m.ac.jp ) Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine

    Article Title: Stimulation of dysregulated IFN-β responses by aberrant SARS-CoV-2 small viral RNAs
    Article Snippet: Human ex vivo reconstituted nasal epithelia was purchased from Epithelix and maintained at an air-liquid interface with provided culture medium, according to the manufacture’s instructions. .. The infected cells were stained with rabbit antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 NP (GENETEX), HCoV-OC43 NP and HCoV-229E NP (Sino Biological) for 1 h at 37°C, followed by incubation with a secondary antibody conjugated with Alexa Fluor-488 (Invitrogen) at 37°C for 1 h. To con rm the IVT RNA secondary structures, 293T cells were transfected with IVT RNAs and xed 24 h later, followed by permeabilization as described above. .. HCovOC43 (ATCC VR-1558) and HCoV-229E (ATCC VR-740) were obtained from the ATCC.

    Staining:

    Article Title: Stimulation of dysregulated IFN-β responses by aberrant SARS-CoV-2 small viral RNAs
    Article Snippet: Yasuha Arai Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Itaru Yamanaka Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0293-8070 Toru Okamoto Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4000-3102 Ayana Isobe Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Naomi Nakai Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University Naoko Kamimura Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University Tatsuya Suzuki Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University Tomo Daidoji Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Takao Ono SANKEN, Osaka University https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6717-123X Takaaki Nakaya Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7513-6186 Kazuhiko Matsumoto SANKEN, Osaka University Daisuke Okuzaki Research institute for microbial diseases, Osaka University https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4552-783X Yohei Watanabe ( nabe@koto.kpu-m.ac.jp ) Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine

    Article Title: Stimulation of dysregulated IFN-β responses by aberrant SARS-CoV-2 small viral RNAs
    Article Snippet: Human ex vivo reconstituted nasal epithelia was purchased from Epithelix and maintained at an air-liquid interface with provided culture medium, according to the manufacture’s instructions. .. The infected cells were stained with rabbit antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 NP (GENETEX), HCoV-OC43 NP and HCoV-229E NP (Sino Biological) for 1 h at 37°C, followed by incubation with a secondary antibody conjugated with Alexa Fluor-488 (Invitrogen) at 37°C for 1 h. To con rm the IVT RNA secondary structures, 293T cells were transfected with IVT RNAs and xed 24 h later, followed by permeabilization as described above. .. HCovOC43 (ATCC VR-1558) and HCoV-229E (ATCC VR-740) were obtained from the ATCC.

    Transfection:

    Article Title: Stimulation of dysregulated IFN-β responses by aberrant SARS-CoV-2 small viral RNAs
    Article Snippet: Yasuha Arai Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Itaru Yamanaka Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0293-8070 Toru Okamoto Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4000-3102 Ayana Isobe Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Naomi Nakai Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University Naoko Kamimura Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University Tatsuya Suzuki Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University Tomo Daidoji Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Takao Ono SANKEN, Osaka University https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6717-123X Takaaki Nakaya Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7513-6186 Kazuhiko Matsumoto SANKEN, Osaka University Daisuke Okuzaki Research institute for microbial diseases, Osaka University https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4552-783X Yohei Watanabe ( nabe@koto.kpu-m.ac.jp ) Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine

    Article Title: Stimulation of dysregulated IFN-β responses by aberrant SARS-CoV-2 small viral RNAs
    Article Snippet: Human ex vivo reconstituted nasal epithelia was purchased from Epithelix and maintained at an air-liquid interface with provided culture medium, according to the manufacture’s instructions. .. The infected cells were stained with rabbit antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 NP (GENETEX), HCoV-OC43 NP and HCoV-229E NP (Sino Biological) for 1 h at 37°C, followed by incubation with a secondary antibody conjugated with Alexa Fluor-488 (Invitrogen) at 37°C for 1 h. To con rm the IVT RNA secondary structures, 293T cells were transfected with IVT RNAs and xed 24 h later, followed by permeabilization as described above. .. HCovOC43 (ATCC VR-1558) and HCoV-229E (ATCC VR-740) were obtained from the ATCC.



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    Image Search Results


    Primers used in qRT-PCR assay

    Journal: Virology Journal

    Article Title: Mycophenolate mofetil exerts broad-spectrum antiviral activity against coronaviruses including SARS-CoV-2

    doi: 10.1186/s12985-025-02673-2

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Primers used in qRT-PCR assay

    Article Snippet: Rapid block buffer (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology) was added and incubated at room temperature for 1 h. A primary antibody recognizing viral double-strand RNA (dsRNA; SCICONS, Szirák, Hungary, 1:200), HCoV-OC43 NP (Millipore, 1:200), or HCoV-229E NP (Sino Biological, 1:200) was added and incubated at room temperature for 1 h or at 4 °C overnight.

    Techniques: Sequencing

    The antiviral activity of MMF is achieved by non-competitive inhibition of the IMPDH enzyme. a Schematic diagram of time-of-addition assay. b , c Time-of-addition assay of MMF. Cells were seeded onto 96-well plates and infected with HCoV-229E or HCoV-OC43 (MOI = 3.5) for 1 h on ice. 5 μM MMF was added at different time points and cells were fixed at 9 h. Intracellular viral NP protein was detected with immunofluorescence (IF) assay. Green particles represent NP and the blue ones represent cell nucleus. The quantitative study on immunofluorescence was comparison of the total fluorescence values of each experimental group with the control group and analyzed by Image J software. d , e CETSA assay to detect the binding between IMPDH and MMF in the cell lysis of Huh7.5 and H460. Each lane represents the protein level of IMPDH at various temperatures after incubation with MMF or DMSO control, and relative density of IMPDH was normalized by the protein gray value at 47 °C ( n = 3). f , g Cells were infected with HCoV-229E (MOI = 0.35) or HCoV-OC43 (MOI = 0.35), and treated with different concentrations of guanosine and MMF for 24 h. The cells were harvested for western blotting assay ( n = 3). * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001 vs. virus control (Con) or # P < 0.05, ## P < 0.01, ### P < 0.001 vs. MMF treated group (The third group), one-way ANOVA with Holm-Sidak multiple comparisons test

    Journal: Virology Journal

    Article Title: Mycophenolate mofetil exerts broad-spectrum antiviral activity against coronaviruses including SARS-CoV-2

    doi: 10.1186/s12985-025-02673-2

    Figure Lengend Snippet: The antiviral activity of MMF is achieved by non-competitive inhibition of the IMPDH enzyme. a Schematic diagram of time-of-addition assay. b , c Time-of-addition assay of MMF. Cells were seeded onto 96-well plates and infected with HCoV-229E or HCoV-OC43 (MOI = 3.5) for 1 h on ice. 5 μM MMF was added at different time points and cells were fixed at 9 h. Intracellular viral NP protein was detected with immunofluorescence (IF) assay. Green particles represent NP and the blue ones represent cell nucleus. The quantitative study on immunofluorescence was comparison of the total fluorescence values of each experimental group with the control group and analyzed by Image J software. d , e CETSA assay to detect the binding between IMPDH and MMF in the cell lysis of Huh7.5 and H460. Each lane represents the protein level of IMPDH at various temperatures after incubation with MMF or DMSO control, and relative density of IMPDH was normalized by the protein gray value at 47 °C ( n = 3). f , g Cells were infected with HCoV-229E (MOI = 0.35) or HCoV-OC43 (MOI = 0.35), and treated with different concentrations of guanosine and MMF for 24 h. The cells were harvested for western blotting assay ( n = 3). * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001 vs. virus control (Con) or # P < 0.05, ## P < 0.01, ### P < 0.001 vs. MMF treated group (The third group), one-way ANOVA with Holm-Sidak multiple comparisons test

    Article Snippet: Rapid block buffer (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology) was added and incubated at room temperature for 1 h. A primary antibody recognizing viral double-strand RNA (dsRNA; SCICONS, Szirák, Hungary, 1:200), HCoV-OC43 NP (Millipore, 1:200), or HCoV-229E NP (Sino Biological, 1:200) was added and incubated at room temperature for 1 h or at 4 °C overnight.

    Techniques: Activity Assay, Inhibition, Infection, Immunofluorescence, Comparison, Fluorescence, Control, Software, Binding Assay, Lysis, Incubation, Western Blot, Virus

    Anti-coronavirus activities of MPA and MMF

    Journal: Virology Journal

    Article Title: Mycophenolate mofetil exerts broad-spectrum antiviral activity against coronaviruses including SARS-CoV-2

    doi: 10.1186/s12985-025-02673-2

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Anti-coronavirus activities of MPA and MMF

    Article Snippet: Rapid block buffer (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology) was added and incubated at room temperature for 1 h. A primary antibody recognizing viral double-strand RNA (dsRNA; SCICONS, Szirák, Hungary, 1:200), HCoV-OC43 NP (Millipore, 1:200), or HCoV-229E NP (Sino Biological, 1:200) was added and incubated at room temperature for 1 h or at 4 °C overnight.

    Techniques:

    MMF and MPA inhibited viral protein levels and viral yield of HCoV-229E and HCoV-OC43. Cells were infected with HCoV-229E (MOI = 0.35) or HCoV-OC43 (MOI = 0.35), and treated with different concentrations of MMF or MPA for 24 h. a–f The cells were harvested for western blotting assay ( n = 3). * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001 vs. virus control (Con), one-way ANOVA with Holm-Sidak multiple comparisons test. g–j The cells were fixed and NP was detected with immunofluorescence (IF) assay. Green particles represent NP and the blue ones represent cell nucleus. The quantitative study on immunofluorescence was comparison of the total fluorescence values of each experimental group with the control group and analyzed by Image J software. k–l Viral titers were detected by the 50% tissue culture infectious dose assay (TCID 50 ) ( n = 3). * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001 vs. virus control (Con), one-way ANOVA with Holm-Sidak multiple comparisons test

    Journal: Virology Journal

    Article Title: Mycophenolate mofetil exerts broad-spectrum antiviral activity against coronaviruses including SARS-CoV-2

    doi: 10.1186/s12985-025-02673-2

    Figure Lengend Snippet: MMF and MPA inhibited viral protein levels and viral yield of HCoV-229E and HCoV-OC43. Cells were infected with HCoV-229E (MOI = 0.35) or HCoV-OC43 (MOI = 0.35), and treated with different concentrations of MMF or MPA for 24 h. a–f The cells were harvested for western blotting assay ( n = 3). * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001 vs. virus control (Con), one-way ANOVA with Holm-Sidak multiple comparisons test. g–j The cells were fixed and NP was detected with immunofluorescence (IF) assay. Green particles represent NP and the blue ones represent cell nucleus. The quantitative study on immunofluorescence was comparison of the total fluorescence values of each experimental group with the control group and analyzed by Image J software. k–l Viral titers were detected by the 50% tissue culture infectious dose assay (TCID 50 ) ( n = 3). * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001 vs. virus control (Con), one-way ANOVA with Holm-Sidak multiple comparisons test

    Article Snippet: Rapid block buffer (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology) was added and incubated at room temperature for 1 h. A primary antibody recognizing viral double-strand RNA (dsRNA; SCICONS, Szirák, Hungary, 1:200), HCoV-OC43 NP (Millipore, 1:200), or HCoV-229E NP (Sino Biological, 1:200) was added and incubated at room temperature for 1 h or at 4 °C overnight.

    Techniques: Infection, Western Blot, Virus, Control, Immunofluorescence, Comparison, Fluorescence, Software

    Combinatorial effects of MMF and other antiviral compounds. a , b Dose–response matrixs and dose–response curves of combination of MMF and molnupiravir. c , d Dose–response matrixs and dose–response curves of combination of MMF and GC376. e , f Dose–response matrixs and dose–response curves of combination of MMF and E64d. In detail, Huh7.5 cells were infected with HCoV-229E (MOI = 0.35) for 24 h (a, c, e, n = 3, mean ± SD) and H460 cells were infected with HCoV-OC43 for 24 h (MOI = 0.35) (b, d, f, n = 3, mean ± SD). The horizontal and vertical coordinates of the dose–response matrix are the concentrations of the combined drugs. NP mRNA levels was determined by qRT-PCR assay and relative quantification. The inhibition of virus replication of non-administrated group was regarded as zero to calculate the inhibition of each administration group

    Journal: Virology Journal

    Article Title: Mycophenolate mofetil exerts broad-spectrum antiviral activity against coronaviruses including SARS-CoV-2

    doi: 10.1186/s12985-025-02673-2

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Combinatorial effects of MMF and other antiviral compounds. a , b Dose–response matrixs and dose–response curves of combination of MMF and molnupiravir. c , d Dose–response matrixs and dose–response curves of combination of MMF and GC376. e , f Dose–response matrixs and dose–response curves of combination of MMF and E64d. In detail, Huh7.5 cells were infected with HCoV-229E (MOI = 0.35) for 24 h (a, c, e, n = 3, mean ± SD) and H460 cells were infected with HCoV-OC43 for 24 h (MOI = 0.35) (b, d, f, n = 3, mean ± SD). The horizontal and vertical coordinates of the dose–response matrix are the concentrations of the combined drugs. NP mRNA levels was determined by qRT-PCR assay and relative quantification. The inhibition of virus replication of non-administrated group was regarded as zero to calculate the inhibition of each administration group

    Article Snippet: Rapid block buffer (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology) was added and incubated at room temperature for 1 h. A primary antibody recognizing viral double-strand RNA (dsRNA; SCICONS, Szirák, Hungary, 1:200), HCoV-OC43 NP (Millipore, 1:200), or HCoV-229E NP (Sino Biological, 1:200) was added and incubated at room temperature for 1 h or at 4 °C overnight.

    Techniques: Infection, Quantitative RT-PCR, Inhibition, Virus

    Clinical and serological data of patient samples analysed for the relation of antibody levels against MOG, SARS-CoV-2 and other common coronaviruses

    Journal: Brain Communications

    Article Title: Is there an immunological cross-reactivity of antibodies to the myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein and coronaviruses?

    doi: 10.1093/braincomms/fcae106

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Clinical and serological data of patient samples analysed for the relation of antibody levels against MOG, SARS-CoV-2 and other common coronaviruses

    Article Snippet: Additionally, antibody analysis of selected sera and/or purified IgG fractions were performed against the following antigens: SARS-CoV-2-N (Invitrogen RP87665), CoV-229E (HCoV-229E NP, Sino Biologicals 40640), CoV-OC43 (HCoV-OC43 NP, Sino Biologicals 40643), CoV-HKU1 (HCoV-HKU1 NP, Sino Biologicals 40642) and overlapping 20mer peptides of SARS-CoV-2 N 1-242 (synthetized by Genscript, Uniprot P0DTC9).

    Techniques: Infection

    Antibody reactivity against SARS-CoV-2 and common coronaviruses in samples from people with SARS-CoV-2 infection (COVID-19), SARS-CoV-2 vaccination or negative/naïve for SARS-CoV-2, as measured by ProcartaPlex assay . Total immunoglobulin (Ig) antibodies against ( A ) SARS-CoV-2 N ( P < 0.001, ε 2 = 0.697), ( B ) RBD ( P < 0.001, ε 2 = 0.725), ( C ) S(trimer) ( P < 0.001, ε 2 = 0.732) and ( D ) S1 proteins ( P < 0.001 ε 2 = 0.737); and ( E ) CoV-229E ( P = 0.007 ε 2 = 0.128), ( F ) CoV-HKU1 ( P = 0.008, ε 2 = 0.126), ( G ) CoV-OC43 ( P = 0.330 ε 2 = 0.049) and ( H ) CoV-NL63 ( P = 0.090, ε 2 = 0.079) were measured using the Coronavirus Ig Total Human 11-Plex ProcartaPlex™ Panel (Invitrogen, EPX110-16000-901). Significance of group differences was tested using the Kruskal-Wallis test and effect sizes ε 2 and P -values are indicated above. Only group differences (analysed Dunn’s multiple comparison test) within each subgroup (SARS-CoV-2 infection, SARS-CoV-2 vaccination or negative/naïve) are shown, asterisks indicate a significant difference between groups after correction for multiple comparisons (21) using the two-stage linear step-up procedure of Benjamini, Krieger and Yekutieli. Data are shown as boxplots (boxes represent 25th to 75th percentiles with medians indicated by the horizontal lines, whiskers represent minimum to maximum) with individual data points (circles). CNS, other demyelinating disease; CoV, coronavirus; Ig, total immunoglobulin; IgA, immunoglobulin A; IgG, immunoglobulin G; IgM, immunoglobulin M; MOG, myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein; MOGAD, MOG antibody-associated demyelinating disease; N, SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein; noCNS, no neurological symptoms; RBD, receptor binding domain; SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; S, SARS-CoV-2 spike protein; S1, S1 subunit SARS-CoV-2 spike protein; S(trimer), trimer of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein; U/ml, U/ml.

    Journal: Brain Communications

    Article Title: Is there an immunological cross-reactivity of antibodies to the myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein and coronaviruses?

    doi: 10.1093/braincomms/fcae106

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Antibody reactivity against SARS-CoV-2 and common coronaviruses in samples from people with SARS-CoV-2 infection (COVID-19), SARS-CoV-2 vaccination or negative/naïve for SARS-CoV-2, as measured by ProcartaPlex assay . Total immunoglobulin (Ig) antibodies against ( A ) SARS-CoV-2 N ( P < 0.001, ε 2 = 0.697), ( B ) RBD ( P < 0.001, ε 2 = 0.725), ( C ) S(trimer) ( P < 0.001, ε 2 = 0.732) and ( D ) S1 proteins ( P < 0.001 ε 2 = 0.737); and ( E ) CoV-229E ( P = 0.007 ε 2 = 0.128), ( F ) CoV-HKU1 ( P = 0.008, ε 2 = 0.126), ( G ) CoV-OC43 ( P = 0.330 ε 2 = 0.049) and ( H ) CoV-NL63 ( P = 0.090, ε 2 = 0.079) were measured using the Coronavirus Ig Total Human 11-Plex ProcartaPlex™ Panel (Invitrogen, EPX110-16000-901). Significance of group differences was tested using the Kruskal-Wallis test and effect sizes ε 2 and P -values are indicated above. Only group differences (analysed Dunn’s multiple comparison test) within each subgroup (SARS-CoV-2 infection, SARS-CoV-2 vaccination or negative/naïve) are shown, asterisks indicate a significant difference between groups after correction for multiple comparisons (21) using the two-stage linear step-up procedure of Benjamini, Krieger and Yekutieli. Data are shown as boxplots (boxes represent 25th to 75th percentiles with medians indicated by the horizontal lines, whiskers represent minimum to maximum) with individual data points (circles). CNS, other demyelinating disease; CoV, coronavirus; Ig, total immunoglobulin; IgA, immunoglobulin A; IgG, immunoglobulin G; IgM, immunoglobulin M; MOG, myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein; MOGAD, MOG antibody-associated demyelinating disease; N, SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein; noCNS, no neurological symptoms; RBD, receptor binding domain; SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; S, SARS-CoV-2 spike protein; S1, S1 subunit SARS-CoV-2 spike protein; S(trimer), trimer of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein; U/ml, U/ml.

    Article Snippet: Additionally, antibody analysis of selected sera and/or purified IgG fractions were performed against the following antigens: SARS-CoV-2-N (Invitrogen RP87665), CoV-229E (HCoV-229E NP, Sino Biologicals 40640), CoV-OC43 (HCoV-OC43 NP, Sino Biologicals 40643), CoV-HKU1 (HCoV-HKU1 NP, Sino Biologicals 40642) and overlapping 20mer peptides of SARS-CoV-2 N 1-242 (synthetized by Genscript, Uniprot P0DTC9).

    Techniques: Infection, Comparison, Binding Assay

    Relation of antibody reactivities against MOG, SARS-CoV-2 S and N proteins and common coronaviruses (CoV-229E, CoV-HKU1, CoV-OC43 and CoV-NL63) analysed by principal component analysis . ( A ) Scatter dot plot showing the loading scores of all antibodies analysed to visualize parameters responsible for clustering. ( B ) Principal component (PC) scores of all samples. A subgroup of samples with high MOG-IgG titres but low/negative antibody levels against SARS-CoV-2 and common coronaviruses is indicated by a circle and a grey arrow. ( C ) Heatmap of the quantitative results (standardized values of log-transformed antibody levels) according to their PC1 and PC2 scores. ( D ) Spearman correlation coefficients of MOG antibodies (IgG, IgA and IgM) with antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and common coronaviruses. CNS, other demyelinating disease; CoV, coronavirus; IgA, immunoglobulin A; Ig, total immunoglobulin; IgG, immunoglobulin G; IgM, immunoglobulin M; MOG, myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein; MOGAD, MOG antibody-associated demyelinating disease; N, SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein; noCNS, no neurological symptoms; PC, principal component; RBD, receptor binding domain; SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; SARS-CoV-2 (−), SARS-CoV-2 antibody negative; SARS-CoV-2 (+), SARS-CoV-2 antibody positive; S, SARS-CoV-2 spike protein; S1, S1 subunit SARS-CoV-2 spike protein; S(trimer), trimer of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.

    Journal: Brain Communications

    Article Title: Is there an immunological cross-reactivity of antibodies to the myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein and coronaviruses?

    doi: 10.1093/braincomms/fcae106

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Relation of antibody reactivities against MOG, SARS-CoV-2 S and N proteins and common coronaviruses (CoV-229E, CoV-HKU1, CoV-OC43 and CoV-NL63) analysed by principal component analysis . ( A ) Scatter dot plot showing the loading scores of all antibodies analysed to visualize parameters responsible for clustering. ( B ) Principal component (PC) scores of all samples. A subgroup of samples with high MOG-IgG titres but low/negative antibody levels against SARS-CoV-2 and common coronaviruses is indicated by a circle and a grey arrow. ( C ) Heatmap of the quantitative results (standardized values of log-transformed antibody levels) according to their PC1 and PC2 scores. ( D ) Spearman correlation coefficients of MOG antibodies (IgG, IgA and IgM) with antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and common coronaviruses. CNS, other demyelinating disease; CoV, coronavirus; IgA, immunoglobulin A; Ig, total immunoglobulin; IgG, immunoglobulin G; IgM, immunoglobulin M; MOG, myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein; MOGAD, MOG antibody-associated demyelinating disease; N, SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein; noCNS, no neurological symptoms; PC, principal component; RBD, receptor binding domain; SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; SARS-CoV-2 (−), SARS-CoV-2 antibody negative; SARS-CoV-2 (+), SARS-CoV-2 antibody positive; S, SARS-CoV-2 spike protein; S1, S1 subunit SARS-CoV-2 spike protein; S(trimer), trimer of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.

    Article Snippet: Additionally, antibody analysis of selected sera and/or purified IgG fractions were performed against the following antigens: SARS-CoV-2-N (Invitrogen RP87665), CoV-229E (HCoV-229E NP, Sino Biologicals 40640), CoV-OC43 (HCoV-OC43 NP, Sino Biologicals 40643), CoV-HKU1 (HCoV-HKU1 NP, Sino Biologicals 40642) and overlapping 20mer peptides of SARS-CoV-2 N 1-242 (synthetized by Genscript, Uniprot P0DTC9).

    Techniques: Transformation Assay, Binding Assay

    Ordinal regression analysis for predictors for MOG antibody responses

    Journal: Brain Communications

    Article Title: Is there an immunological cross-reactivity of antibodies to the myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein and coronaviruses?

    doi: 10.1093/braincomms/fcae106

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Ordinal regression analysis for predictors for MOG antibody responses

    Article Snippet: Additionally, antibody analysis of selected sera and/or purified IgG fractions were performed against the following antigens: SARS-CoV-2-N (Invitrogen RP87665), CoV-229E (HCoV-229E NP, Sino Biologicals 40640), CoV-OC43 (HCoV-OC43 NP, Sino Biologicals 40643), CoV-HKU1 (HCoV-HKU1 NP, Sino Biologicals 40642) and overlapping 20mer peptides of SARS-CoV-2 N 1-242 (synthetized by Genscript, Uniprot P0DTC9).

    Techniques: Infection

    Journal: Cell Reports Medicine

    Article Title: SARS-CoV-2 antibodies from children exhibit broad neutralization and belong to adult public clonotypes

    doi: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101267

    Figure Lengend Snippet:

    Article Snippet: The SARS-CoV-2 S1, SARS-CoV-2 S2, SARS-CoV-2 RBD, and SARS-CoV-2 NTD subdomains as well as recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.4/5 S HP, and HCoV-229E S were purchased from Sino Biological.

    Techniques: Virus, Recombinant, Staining, Plasmid Preparation, Conjugation Assay, Transfection, Chromatography, Next-Generation Sequencing, Software